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Etiologi Hantavirus
Etiologi infeksi hantavirus adalah virus Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) dari famili Hantaviridae yang bersifat zoonotik dengan hewan pengerat sebagai reservoir utama. Manusia berperan sebagai host insidental yang terinfeksi terutama melalui inhalasi aerosol yang mengandung partikel virus dari urin, feses, atau saliva rodensia terinfeksi, seperti tikus.[14-16]
Hantavirus
Hantavirus merupakan kelompok virus RNA untai tunggal berpolaritas negatif yang termasuk dalam famili Hantaviridae. Virus ini memiliki selubung (enveloped) dengan genom yang terdiri atas tiga segmen RNA, yaitu segmen kecil (S), sedang (M), dan besar (L), yang masing-masing mengkode protein nukleokapsid, glikoprotein permukaan (Gn dan Gc), serta RNA-dependent polymerase.
Referensi
1. WHO. Hantavirus. 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus
2. CDC. About Hantavirus. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html
3. KD Puspa, FD Hanifah, DF Mogsa, M Karyana. Hantavirus: A Deadly Rat Virus: Is Indonesia Ready to Face It?. Center for Health Resilience System Policy, BKPK, Ministry of Health. 2026. https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/en/hantavirus-virus-dari-tikus-yang-mematikan-siapkah-indonesia-menghadapinya/
4. Milton DK, Greenhalgh T, Fisman DN, Kvalsvig A, Morawska L, Samet JM. Hantavirus outbreak should reset WHO's default approach to airborne risk. BMJ. 2026 May 12;393:s919. doi: 10.1136/bmj.s919.
5. CDC. 2026 hantavirus outbreak: Testing for potential infection (HAN 00529). 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/han/php/notices/han00529.html
6. Mahendra Pal and Kirubel Paulos Gutama. Hantavirus Disease: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Disease of Public Health Concern. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. 2024; 12(1):19-22. doi: 10.12691/ajidm-12-1-4
7. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Hantavirus contact SOP V3.1: Exposure assessment, contact tracing, monitoring, and clinical management. 2026.
https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Hantavirus-contact-SOP-V3.1.pdf
8. Sah R, Mohanty A, Rohilla R, et al. Recent outbreaks of hantavirus-a very lethal and zoonotic virus - An update and counteracting strategies. Int J Surg Open. 2022 Dec;49:100582. doi: 10.1016/j.ijso.2022.100582.
9. Munir N, Jahangeer M, Hussain S, et al. Hantavirus diseases pathophysiology, their diagnostic strategies and therapeutic approaches: A review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;48:20–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13403
10. Safronetz D, Prescott J, Feldmann F, et al. Pathophysiology of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 13;111(19):7114-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1401998111.
11. Moore RA, Griffen D. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/
12. Rout P, Anjum F. Hemorrhagic Fever Renal Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing; 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560660/
13. Centre for Health Protection. Communicable Diseases Watch, 22(5). Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. 2026. https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/cdw_v22_5.pdf
14. Assadah N, Sendow I, Dharmayanti NLP. Hantavirus: Structure, Mechanism of Transmission of Disease, Development of Drugs and Vaccines, and Prevention in Indonesia. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2020. 30. 10.14334/wartazoa.v30i2.2457.
15. Vial PA, Ferrés M, Vial C, Klingström J, Ahlm C, López R, Le Corre N, Mertz GJ. Hantavirus in humans: a review of clinical aspects and management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Sep;23(9):e371-e382. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00128-7.
16. Patel H. Hantaviruses: A Clinical Overview. 2025. https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/hantaviruses-clinical-overview-2025a1000lgl?page=1
17. Guo Z, Pan H, Wang N, et al. Studies on prevalence of Hantavirus in small mammals in Southeast Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2026 Mar 12;20(3):e0014075. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0014075.
18. Abdoler EA, Malani PN. What Is Hantavirus? JAMA. 2025;334(1):98. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5014.
19. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hantavirus infection. In: ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023. Stockholm: ECDC; 2025. Stockholm, March 2025. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/hantavirus-infection-annual-epidemiological-report-2023
20. Muhawarman, A. Antisipasi Peningkatan Kasus, Kemenkes Perkuat Kewaspadaan Virus Hanta. Kemntrian Kesehatan RI. 2026. https://kemkes.go.id/id/antisipasi-peningkatan-kasus-kemenkes-perkuat-kewaspadaan-virus-hanta
21. Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization. Epidemiological alert: Hantavirus in the Americas Region. 2025. https://www.paho.org/sites/default/files/2025-12/2025-12-19-epidemiological-alert-hantavirus-engfinal_0.pdf
22. Ghriss N, Mussini C, Kammoun S, Azar C, Leroy P, Pourcine F, et al. Diagnostic and clinical challenges of hantavirus-associated acute kidney injury. EJCRIM. 2026. 21;13(5). https://www.ejcrim.com/index.php/EJCRIM/article/view/6159
23. Tomicic, V., Iwamoto, G., Crowley, M., Hjelle, B., Vial, P., & Mertz, G.. Diagnosis and treatment of new world hantavirus infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 2006. 19(5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qco.0000244048.38758.1f
24. Sahana S, et al. Diagnosis, Virology and Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): A Challenging Sickness to Human Health. Acta Scientific Microbiology. 2020. 4. 52-59. 10.31080/ASMI.2020.04.0748.
25. Tortosa, F., Ragusa, M. A., Neumann, I., Perre, F., Guaresti, G., Donato, M., & Izcovich, A. Prognostic factors for mortality in patients infected with New World hantaviruses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 2026. 16(1), e096313. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-096313
26. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2023 Oct 31. (NICE Guideline, No. 191.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552669/
27. Zanza C, Saglietti F, Tesauro M, Longhitano Y, Savioli G, Balzanelli MG, Romenskaya T, Cofone L, Pindinello I, Racca G, Racca F. Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine. Adv Respir Med. 2023 Oct 13;91(5):445-463. doi: 10.3390/arm91050034.
28. Khan MA, Bajwa A, Hussain ST. Pneumonia: Recent Updates on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms. 2025 Feb 27;13(3):522. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13030522.
29. Westcott SL. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) Treatment & Management. 2026. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500161-treatment
30. Jiang H, et al. Expert Consensus on the Prevention and Treatment of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. 2022. https://mednexus.org/doi/full/10.1097/id9.0000000000000054
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