Etiologi Hipokalsemia

Oleh :

dr.Eveline Yuniarti

Etiologi hipokalsemia dapat dikaitkan dengan gangguan hormon paratiroid, malnutrisi protein, serta kurangnya asupan kalsium. Sementara, hipokalsemia pada bayi baru lahir sering ditemukan pada bayi prematur atau bayi dengan berat lahir rendah. Faktor risiko kondisi hipokalsemia di antaranya konsumsi obat-obatan juga dapat meningkatkan risiko hipokalsemia, seperti obat diuretik.

Etiologi

Secara garis besar, etiologi hipokalsemia mencakup gangguan dalam penyerapan, pengikatan, atau ekskresi kalsium, serta gangguan dalam regulasi hormon yang terlibat dalam metabolisme kalsium.[3-6]

Referensi

1. Tinawi M. Disorders of Calcium Metabolism: Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia. Cureus 2021. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12420.
2. Clarke BL. Hypoparathyroidism: update of guidelines from the 2022 International Task Force. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2022;66:604–10. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000549.
3. Suneja M. Hypocalcemia. Medscape, 2022. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241893-overview
4. Pepe J, Colangelo L, et al. Diagnosis and management of hypocalcemia. Endocrine. 2020 Sep;69(3):485-495. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02324-2.
5. Bove-Fenderson E, Mannstadt M. Hypocalcemic disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Oct;32(5):639-656. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.05.006.
6. Turner J, Gittoes N, et al. Emergency management of acute hypocalcaemia in adult patients. Endocr Connect 2016;5:G7–8. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0056.
7. Liang B, Burley G, et al. Osteoporosis pathogenesis and treatment: existing and emerging avenues. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022;27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-022-00371-3.
8. van Megen WH, Tan RSG, et al. Differential parathyroid and kidney Ca2+-sensing receptor activation in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia 1. EBioMedicine. 2022 Apr;78:103947. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103947.
9. Moon JE, Yang HY, et al. A cell function study on calcium regulation of a novel calcium-sensing receptor mutation (P.Tyr825phe). Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021;26:24–30. https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2040022.011.
10. Baqi DH, Ahmed SF, et al. Hypocalcemia as a cause of reversible heart failure: A case report and review of the literature. Annals of Medicine and Surgery 2022;77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103572.
12. Eatz TA, Chertman L, et al. Denosumab-associated hypocalcemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease and Paget’s disease. J Clin Transl Endocrinol Case Rep 2022;24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecr.2022.100115.
13. Raj R, Amine A, et al. Postoperative Hypocalcemia Following Parathyroidectomy for Giant Parathyroid Adenoma. AACE Clin Case Rep 2020;6:e352–6. https://doi.org/10.4158/accr-2020-0474.
14. Dershem R, Gorvin CM, et al. Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Type 1 and Autosomal-Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1: Prevalence in a Large Healthcare Population. Am J Hum Genet 2020;106:734–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.006.
17. Apsera L, Sianturi P, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of 400 vs. 200 mg/kg /day calcium gluconate to prevent neonatal hypocalcemia. Paediatrica Indonesiana(Paediatrica Indonesiana) 2023;63:346–52. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi63.5.2023.346-52.
18. Ghafouri E, Bigdeli M, et al. Unmasking the complex roles of hypocalcemia in cancer, COVID-19, and sepsis: Engineered nanodelivery and diagnosis. Environ Res 2023;238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116979.
19. Martha JW, Wibowo A, et al. Hypocalcemia is associated with severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 2021;15:337–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.003.
20. Ruiz-Álvarez MJ, Stampone E, et al. Hypocalcemia: A key biomarker in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Biomed J 2023;46:93–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2022.08.005.
21. Aul AJ, Fischer PR, et al. Population-Based Incidence of Potentially Life-Threatening Complications of Hypocalcemia and the Role of Vitamin D Deficiency. Journal of Pediatrics 2019;211:98-104.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.018.
22. Bezabih YM, Bimrew MA, et al. Hypocalcemic tetany associated with simultaneous administration of cimetidine and nifedipine: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023;17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-023-03811-6.

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