Diagnosis Skleritis

Oleh :

dr. Felicia

Dalam mendiagnosis skleritis, perlu digali mengenai etiologi infeksi dan noninfeksi, serta riwayat trauma atau operasi. Pemeriksaan fisik yang dilakukan termasuk pemeriksaan fisik umum dan pemeriksaan mata. Nyeri dan eritema biasanya merupakan tanda utama.[5,16]

Pemeriksaan laboratorium dilakukan untuk melihat adanya penyakit sistemik yang mendasari. Pada pasien yang baru didiagnosis mengalami skleritis, harus dilakukan evaluasi lebih lanjut untuk melihat adanya vaskulitis sistemik. Pencitraan merupakan pemeriksaan yang dapat membantu menegakkan diagnosis skleritis, maupun mencari kemungkinan etiologi.[5]

Anamnesis

Referensi

1. Yoshida A, Watanabe M, Okubo A, et al. Clinical characteristics of scleritis patients with emphasized comparison of associated systemic diseases (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis). Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2019 Sep;63(5):417–24.
2. Nevares A, Raut R, Libman B, et al. Noninfectious Autoimmune Scleritis: Recognition, Systemic Associations, and Therapy. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2020 Apr;22(4):11.
3. Dong Z-Z, Gan Y-F, Zhang Y-N, et al. The clinical features of posterior scleritis with serous retinal detachment: a retrospective clinical analysis. Int J Ophthalmol. 2019 Jul 18;12(7):1151–7.
4. Hau SC, Devarajan K, Ang M. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Episcleritis and Scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019 Nov 12;1–8.
5. Valenzuela FA, Ocular Surface Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Florida, US, Perez VL, Ocular Surface Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Florida, US. Scleritis—Infectious Versus Inflammatory. US Ophthalmic Rev. 2016;09(02):92.
11. Lagina A, Ramphul K. Scleritis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499944/
14. Galor A, Thorne JE. Scleritis and Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;33(4):835–54.
15. Stem MS, Todorich B, Faia LJ. Ocular Pharmacology for Scleritis: Review of Treatment and a Practical Perspective. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Mar 29;33(4):240–6.
16. Djordjević-Jocić J, Janković-Veličković L, Cekić S, et al. Clinicopathologic Analysis of “Idiopathic” Scleritis and Scleritis Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis -mini Review. Acta Medica Median. 2019;8.
17. Yelumalai M, Tharmathurai S. Tubercular Scleritis: A Case report. Int J Sci Res Publ IJSRP. 2019 Mar 6;9(3):p8744.
18. Oray M, Meese H, Foster CS. Diagnosis and management of non-infectious immune-mediated scleritis: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016 Aug 2;12(8):827–37.
21. Moreira-Neto C, Moreira Jr. C, Tolentino D, et al. Nodular posterior scleritis associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis: A multimodal imaging case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2019 Dec 1;16:100558.
22. Majumder PD, Ali S, George A, et al. Clinical Profile of Scleritis in Children. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019 May 19;27(4):535–9.
23. Ramenaden ER, Raiji VR. Clinical characteristics and visual outcomes in infectious scleritis: a review. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2013;7:2113–22.
26. Chen Y-W, Poon Y-C, Yu H-J, et al. Experience of scleritis and episcleritis at a tertiary center in Southern Taiwan. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2015 Mar 1;5(1):19–22.
37. Cunningham ET, McCluskey P, Pavesio C, et al. Scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016 Jan 2;24(1):2–5.
38. Charanya C, Swathi A, Janti S, et al. Ocular Manifestation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Presenting to Tertiary Care Hospital in South India: A Prospective Study. 2015;3(8):6.
39. Papadia M, Jeannin B, Herbort CP. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Misdiagnosed as Posterior Uveitis and the Vicious Circle of Corticosteroid Therapy. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2015;10(3):303–8.
40. Kim Y, Lee J, Sim CS, et al. Astigmatism Associated with Allergic Conjunctivitis in Urban School Children. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019 Nov 11;2019. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/joph/2019/9453872/
41. Lavric A, Gonzalez-Lopez JJ, Majumder PD, et al. Posterior Scleritis: Analysis of Epidemiology, Clinical Factors, and Risk of Recurrence in a Cohort of 114 Patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016 Jan 2;24(1):6–15.
42. Fabiani C, Sota J, Sainz-de-la-Maza M, et al. New Potential Weapons for Refractory Scleritis in the Era of Targeted Therapy. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:e8294560. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2020/8294560/
43. Shoughy SS, Jaroudi MO, Kozak I, et al. Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis of Scleritis and Episcleritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015 Jun;159(6):1045-1049.e1.
44. Hankins M, Margo CE. Histopathological evaluation of scleritis. J Clin Pathol. 2019 May;72(5):386–90.
45. Wakefield D, Girolamo ND, Thurau S, et al. Scleritis: Challenges in Immunopathogenesis and Treatment. Discov Med. 2013 Sep 29;16(88):153–7.
46. Wakefield D, Di Girolamo N, Thurau S. Anatomy and Pathogenesis of Scleritis. In: Pavesio C, editor. Scleritis. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 1–17. (Essentials in Ophthalmology). http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-49915-4_1

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Diagnosis Skleritis

Referensi

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