Facebook
Masuk dengan Email
- Pendahuluan
- Patofisiologi
- Etiologi
- Epidemiologi
- Diagnosis
- Penatalaksanaan
- Prognosis
- Edukasi dan Promosi Kesehatan
Diagnosis Sindrom Koroner Akut
Pada diagnosis sindrom koroner akut (SKA), diagnosis kerja untuk membedakan ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), ataupun unstable angina (UA) harus ditegakkan sebelum ada hasil cardiac marker.
Pada setting emergensi, sebaiknya diagnosis banding lain yang sifatnya mengancam nyawa, seperti diseksi aorta, emboli paru, dan ruptur esofagus sebaiknya sudah dapat disingkirkan. Diagnosis ini dapat disingkirkan dari klinis dan pemeriksaan EKG pada saat kedatangan pasien di unit gawat darurat.[71]
Diagnosis sindrom koroner akut (SKA) di fasilitas pelayanan primer lazim ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan resting EKG 12 lead segera saat pasien datang ke rumah sakit, maksimal 10 menit, dan pemeriksaan cardiac marker. Gold standard diagnosis pada SKA yang juga dapat dengan jelas memvisualisasikan gangguan pada arteri koroner adalah pemeriksaan angiografi koroner.[1,2,16]
Referensi
1. Singh A, Museedi AS, Grossman SA. Acute Coronary Syndrome. In: StatPearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459157/
2. Shahjehan RD, Bhutta BS. Coronary Artery Disease.In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564304/
11. Jeger, R. V., Pfister, O., Radovanovic, D., Eberli, F. R., Rickli, H., et al. Heart failure in patients admitted for acute coronary syndromes: A report from a large national registry. Clinical cardiology 2017, 40(10), 907–913. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22745
12. Pei, J., Wang, X., Xing, Z., Chen, P., Su, W., et al. Association between admission systolic blood pressure and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. PloS one 2020, 15(6), e0234935. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234935
13. Stewart, R., Jones, P., Dicker, B., Jiang, Y., Smith, T., et al. High flow oxygen and risk of mortality in patients with a suspected acute coronary syndrome: pragmatic, cluster randomised, crossover trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2021, 372, n355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n355
14. Desta, D. M., Nedi, T., Hailu, A., Atey, T. M., Tsadik, A. G., et al. Treatment outcome of acute coronary syndrome patients admitted to Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia; A retrospective cross-sectional study. PloS one 2020, 15(2), e0228953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228953
15. McConaghy, J. R., Sharma, M., & Patel, H. Acute Chest Pain in Adults: Outpatient Evaluation. American family physician 2020, 102(12), 721–727.
16. Ramjattan NA, Lala V, Kousa O, et al. Coronary CT Angiography. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470279/
17. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia (PERKI). Pedoman Tatalaksana Sindroma Koroner Akut. PERKI 2018. https://inaheart.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Buku-ACS-2018.pdf
18. Stewart, R., Jones, P., Dicker, B., Jiang, Y., Smith, T., et al. High flow oxygen and risk of mortality in patients with a suspected acute coronary syndrome: pragmatic, cluster randomised, crossover trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2021, 372, n355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n355
37. Baechli, C., Koch, D., Bernet, S., Gut, L., Wagner, U., et al. Association of comorbidities with clinical outcomes in patients after acute myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature 2020, 29, 100558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100558
38. Konstantinou, K., Tsioufis, C., Koumelli, A., Mantzouranis, M., Kasiakogias, A., et.al. Hypertension and patients with acute coronary syndrome: Putting blood pressure levels into perspective. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2019, 21(8), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13622
39. Lv, S., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., Shi, D., et al. Hyperuricemia and severity of coronary artery disease: An observational study in adults 35 years of age and younger with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiology journal 2019, 26(3), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2018.0022
40. Shruthi, D. R., Kumar, S. S., Desai, N., Raman, R., & Sathyanarayana Rao, T. S. Psychiatric comorbidities in acute coronary syndromes: Six-month follow-up study. Indian journal of psychiatry 2018, 60(1), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_94_18
41. Omidi, N., Sadeghian, S., Salarifar, M., Jalali, A., Abbasi, S. H., et.al. Relationship between the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Based on Tehran Heart Center's Data Registry. The journal of Tehran Heart Center 2020, 15(4), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v15i4.5942
42. Senthelal S, Maingi M. Physiology, Jugular Venous Pulsation. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534125/
43. Mechanic OJ, Gavin M, Grossman SA. Acute Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459269/
47. Johnson K, Ghassemzadeh S. Chest Pain. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470557/?report=classic
48. Antunes C, Aleem A, Curtis SA. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/
49. Antunes C, Sharma A. Esophagitis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442012/
52. Dababneh E, Siddique MS. Pericarditis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/
53. Al-Akchar M, Kiel J. Acute Myocarditis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441847/
54. Pujari SH, Agasthi P. Aortic Stenosis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557628/
55. Gapp J, Chandra S. Acute Pancreatitis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482468/
56. Levy D, Goyal A, Grigorova Y, et al. Aortic Dissection. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441963/
57. Schumann JA, Sood T, Parente JJ. Costochondritis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532931/
58. Campbell, K. A., Madva, E. N., Villegas, A. C., Beale, E. E., Beach, S. R., et al. Non-cardiac Chest Pain: A Review for the Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist. Psychosomatics 2017, 58(3), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2016.12.003
59. Hunter MP, Regunath H. Pleurisy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/
61. Stark M, Kerndt CC, Sharma S. Troponin. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507805/
69. Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Braun, L. T., Ndumele, C. E., Smith, S. C., Jr, Sperling, L. et al. Use of Risk Assessment Tools to Guide Decision-Making in the Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Special Report From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2019, 73(24), 3153–3167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.005
70. Homan TD, Bordes S, Cichowski E. Physiology, Pulse Pressure. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482408/
71. ReederGS, Awtry E, Mahler SA. Initial evaluation and management of suspected acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction, unstable angina) in the emergency department. Wolters Kluwer, 2022.
72. Baig MU, Bodle J. Thrombolytic Therapy. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557411/
73. Warner MJ, Tivakaran VS. Inferior Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470572/
74. Harrington J, Jones W, Udell J et al. Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the Setting of Acute Coronary Syndrome. JACC: Heart Failure. 2022;10(6):404-414. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2022.02.008
75. Lampejo T, Durkin S, Bhatt N, Guttmann O. Acute myocarditis: aetiology, diagnosis and management. Clinical Medicine. 2021;21(5):e505-e510. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2021-0121
76. Aygun, E., Aygun, S. T., Uysal, T., Aygun, F., Dursun, H., & Irdem, A. Aetiological evaluation of chest pain in childhood and adolescence. Cardiology in the Young, 1–7. 2020. doi:10.1017/s1047951120000621
77. Djakpo DK, Wang ZQ, Shrestha M. The significance of transaminase ratio (AST/ALT) in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis. 2020 Dec 26;5:e279-e283. doi: 10.5114/amsad.2020.103028. PMID: 33644486; PMCID: PMC7885810.
78. Lawton J, Tamis-Holland J, Bangalore S et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(3). doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001038
(Konten ini khusus untuk dokter. Registrasi untuk baca selengkapnya)
